Design and implementation of photonic metamaterials

Los metamateriales son una nueva clase de materiales artificiales que pueden ser diseñados para poseer propiedades que serían difíciles o imposibles de encontrar en la naturaleza. Los metamateriales han posibilitado la aparición de un gran número de nuevos dispositivos fotónicos con asombrosas propiedades. Entre ellos, cabe destacar a los medios de índices negativos (NIMs) con los que es posible construir superlentes carentes del límite de resolución de las lentes convencionales, así como los dispositivos basados en óptica de transformación, una nueva teoría del electromagnetismo que permite conocer las propiedades que un medio debe tener para curvar o distorsionar el espacio electromagnético. Como consecuencia, ha sido posible crear dispositivos fascinantes, tales como capas de invisibilidad o agujeros negros ópticos. Debido a su importancia, en esta tesis nos hemos centrado en estas dos aplicaciones de los metamateriales. En el caso de los medios de índice negativo, hemos estudiado cómo éstos pueden ser construidos a partir de estructuras de transmisión extraordinaria. Como resultado principal, se ha diseñado y verificado experimentalmente un novedoso metamaterial de altas prestaciones que presenta una elevada figrua de mérito (sustancialmente mayor que las de trabajos previos)en el espectro visible. La estructura también presenta independencia de polarización y propiedades homogéneas para incidencia normal. Esta demostración corresponde al primer NIM experimental con bajas pérdidas en el régimen visible y también al primero formado por varias celdas unidad en la dirección de propagación, un paso imporante hacia NIMs homogéneos en esta banda. Este trabajo ha sido reconocido como uno de los últimos hitos en metamateriales ópticos tridimensionles. Además, otros autores han demostrado que las propiedades de esta estructura pueden ser empleadas para controlar la velocidad de propagación (subluminal y superluminal) de pulsos laser de femtosengudos o para conseguir cGarcía Meca, C. (2012). Design and implementation of photonic metamaterials [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/16465Palanci

Optical Supersymmetry in the Time Domain

Originally emerged within the context of string and quantum field theory, and later fruitfully extrapolated to photonics, the algebraic transformations of quantum-mechanical supersymmetry were conceived in the space realm. Here, we introduce a paradigm shift, demonstrating that Maxwell's equations also possess an underlying supersymmetry in the time domain. As a result, we obtain a simple analytic relation between the scattering coefficients of a large variety of time-varying optical systems and uncover a wide new class of reflectionless, three dimensional, all-dielectric, isotropic, omnidirectional, polarization-independent, non-complex media. Temporal supersymmetry is also shown to arise in dispersive media supporting temporal bound states, which allows engineering their momentum spectra and dispersive properties. These unprecedented features define a promising design platform for free-space and integrated photonics, enabling the creation of a number of novel reconfigurable reflectionless devices, such as frequency-selective, polarization-independent and omnidirectional invisible materials, compact frequency-independent phase shifters, broadband isolators, and versatile pulse-shape transformers

The variational principle in transformation optics engineering and some applications

Transformation optics specializes in the engineering of advanced optical devices, and in combination with differential geometry it allows to control electromagnetic fields with artificial media in an unprecedented manner. In this work, we model transformation optics in an inherently covariant fashion starting with a fundamental Lagrangian function. As an application, we present the construction of a flat reflectionless immersion lens whose superior performance is important to applications in bio- and nano-technology.This work has been supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under the grant MTM2009-08587, contract CSD2008-00066, and the FPU programme.García Meca, C.; Tung, MM. (2013). The variational principle in transformation optics engineering and some applications. Mathematical and Computer Modelling. 57(7):1773-1779. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2011.11.035S1773177957

Analogue transformation acoustics and the compression of spacetime

A recently developed technique known as analogue transformation acoustics has allowed the extension of the transformational paradigm to general spacetime transformations under which the acoustic equations are not form invariant. In this paper, we review the fundamentals of analogue transformation acoustics and show how this technique can be applied to build a device that increases the density of events within a given spacetime region by simultaneously compressing space and time.This work was developed under the framework of the ARIADNA contract 4000104572/12/NL/KML of the European Space Agency. C.G.-M., J.S.-D., and A.M. also acknowledge support from Consolider project CSD2008-00066, A.M. from project TEC2011-28664-CO2-02, and C.B. and G.J. from the project FIS2011-30145-C03-01. J.S.-D. acknowledges support from the USA Office of Naval Research.García Meca, C.; Carloni, S.; Barceló, C.; Jannes, GGP.; Sánchez-Dehesa Moreno-Cid, J.; Martínez Abietar, AJ. (2014). Analogue transformation acoustics and the compression of spacetime. Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications. 12(4):312-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.photonics.2014.05.001S31231812

High signal-to-noise ratio ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip microflow cytometer enabled by silicon optical antennas

[EN] We experimentally demonstrate an all-silicon nanoantenna-based micro-optofluidic cytometer showing a combination of high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) > 14 dB and ultra-compact size. Thanks to the ultra-high directivity of the antennas (>150), which enables a state-of-the-art sub-micron resolution, we are able to avoid the use of the bulky devices typically employed to collimate light on chip (such as lenses or fibers). The nm-scale antenna cross section allows a dramatic reduction of the optical system footprint, from the mm-scale of previous approaches to a few mu m(2), yielding a notable reduction in the fabrication costs. This scheme paves the way to ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip devices that may enable new applications with potential impact on all branches of biological and health science.Funding from grant TEC2015-63838-C3-1-R OPTONANOSENS (MINECO/FEDER, UE) is acknowledged. C. G.-M. acknowledges support from project TEC2015-73581-JIN PHUTURE (AEI/FEDER, UE). This work was also supported by the EU-funded projects FP7-ICT PHOXTROT (No. 318240), the EU-funded H2020-FET-HPC EXANEST (No. 671553) and the Generalitat Valenciana's PROMETEO grant NANOMET PLUS (PROMETEO II/2014/34).Lechago-Buendia, S.; García Meca, C.; Sánchez Losilla, N.; Griol Barres, A.; Martí Sendra, J. (2018). High signal-to-noise ratio ultra-compact lab-on-a-chip microflow cytometer enabled by silicon optical antennas. Optics Express. 26(20):25645-25656. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.02564525645256562620Redding, B., Liew, S. F., Sarma, R., & Cao, H. (2013). Compact spectrometer based on a disordered photonic chip. Nature Photonics, 7(9), 746-751. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.190Malinauskas, M., Žukauskas, A., Hasegawa, S., Hayasaki, Y., Mizeikis, V., Buividas, R., & Juodkazis, S. (2016). Ultrafast laser processing of materials: from science to industry. Light: Science & Applications, 5(8), e16133-e16133. doi:10.1038/lsa.2016.133Fan, X., & White, I. M. (2011). 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Dielectric Rod Antennas for Millimeter-Wave Integrated Circuits (Short Papers). IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, 24(11), 869-872. doi:10.1109/tmtt.1976.1128980Brongersma, M. L. (2008). Engineering optical nanoantennas. Nature Photonics, 2(5), 270-272. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2008.60Alù, A., & Engheta, N. (2010). Wireless at the Nanoscale: Optical Interconnects using Matched Nanoantennas. Physical Review Letters, 104(21). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.104.213902Novotny, L., & van Hulst, N. (2011). Antennas for light. Nature Photonics, 5(2), 83-90. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.237Giannini, V., Fernández-Domínguez, A. I., Heck, S. C., & Maier, S. A. (2011). Plasmonic Nanoantennas: Fundamentals and Their Use in Controlling the Radiative Properties of Nanoemitters. Chemical Reviews, 111(6), 3888-3912. doi:10.1021/cr1002672Sun, J., Timurdogan, E., Yaacobi, A., Hosseini, E. S., & Watts, M. R. (2013). Large-scale nanophotonic phased array. Nature, 493(7431), 195-199. doi:10.1038/nature11727Van Acoleyen, K., Rogier, H., & Baets, R. (2010). Two-dimensional optical phased array antenna on silicon-on-Insulator. Optics Express, 18(13), 13655. doi:10.1364/oe.18.013655García-Meca, C., Lechago, S., Brimont, A., Griol, A., Mas, S., Sánchez, L., … Martí, J. (2017). On-chip wireless silicon photonics: from reconfigurable interconnects to lab-on-chip devices. Light: Science & Applications, 6(9), e17053-e17053. doi:10.1038/lsa.2017.53Robinson, J. P., & Roederer, M. (2015). Flow cytometry strikes gold. Science, 350(6262), 739-740. doi:10.1126/science.aad6770Mao, X., Nawaz, A. A., Lin, S.-C. S., Lapsley, M. I., Zhao, Y., McCoy, J. P., … Huang, T. J. (2012). An integrated, multiparametric flow cytometry chip using «microfluidic drifting» based three-dimensional hydrodynamic focusing. Biomicrofluidics, 6(2), 024113. doi:10.1063/1.3701566Huang, N.-T., Zhang, H., Chung, M.-T., Seo, J. H., & Kurabayashi, K. (2014). Recent advancements in optofluidics-based single-cell analysis: optical on-chip cellular manipulation, treatment, and property detection. Lab Chip, 14(7), 1230-1245. doi:10.1039/c3lc51211hPsaltis, D., Quake, S. R., & Yang, C. (2006). Developing optofluidic technology through the fusion of microfluidics and optics. Nature, 442(7101), 381-386. doi:10.1038/nature05060Cheung, K. C., Di Berardino, M., Schade-Kampmann, G., Hebeisen, M., Pierzchalski, A., Bocsi, J., … Tárnok, A. (2010). Microfluidic impedance-based flow cytometry. Cytometry Part A, 77A(7), 648-666. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20910Cheung, K., Gawad, S., & Renaud, P. (2005). Impedance spectroscopy flow cytometry: On-chip label-free cell differentiation. Cytometry Part A, 65A(2), 124-132. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.20141Xie, X., Cheng, Z., Xu, Y., Liu, R., Li, Q., & Cheng, J. (2017). A sheath-less electric impedance micro-flow cytometry device for rapid label-free cell classification and viability testing. Analytical Methods, 9(7), 1201-1212. doi:10.1039/c6ay03326aBlasi, T., Hennig, H., Summers, H. D., Theis, F. J., Cerveira, J., Patterson, J. O., … Rees, P. (2016). Label-free cell cycle analysis for high-throughput imaging flow cytometry. Nature Communications, 7(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms10256Soref, R. (2006). The Past, Present, and Future of Silicon Photonics. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, 12(6), 1678-1687. doi:10.1109/jstqe.2006.883151Frankowski, M., Theisen, J., Kummrow, A., Simon, P., Ragusch, H., Bock, N., … Neukammer, J. (2013). Microflow Cytometers with Integrated Hydrodynamic Focusing. Sensors, 13(4), 4674-4693. doi:10.3390/s130404674Barat, D., Spencer, D., Benazzi, G., Mowlem, M. C., & Morgan, H. (2012). Simultaneous high speed optical and impedance analysis of single particles with a microfluidic cytometer. Lab Chip, 12(1), 118-126. doi:10.1039/c1lc20785gTesta, G., Persichetti, G., & Bernini, R. (2014). Micro flow cytometer with self-aligned 3D hydrodynamic focusing. Biomedical Optics Express, 6(1), 54. doi:10.1364/boe.6.000054Etcheverry, S., Faridi, A., Ramachandraiah, H., Kumar, T., Margulis, W., Laurell, F., & Russom, A. (2017). High performance micro-flow cytometer based on optical fibres. Scientific Reports, 7(1). doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05843-7Kosako, T., Kadoya, Y., & Hofmann, H. F. (2010). Directional control of light by a nano-optical Yagi–Uda antenna. Nature Photonics, 4(5), 312-315. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.34Taillaert, D., Van Laere, F., Ayre, M., Bogaerts, W., Van Thourhout, D., Bienstman, P., & Baets, R. (2006). Grating Couplers for Coupling between Optical Fibers and Nanophotonic Waveguides. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 45(8A), 6071-6077. doi:10.1143/jjap.45.6071Potcoava, M. C., Futia, G. L., Aughenbaugh, J., Schlaepfer, I. R., & Gibson, E. A. (2014). Raman and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy studies of changes in lipid content and composition in hormone-treated breast and prostate cancer cells. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 19(11), 111605. doi:10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.111605Traub, M. C., Longsine, W., & Truskett, V. N. (2016). Advances in Nanoimprint Lithography. Annual Review of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 7(1), 583-604. doi:10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-080615-034635Xu, B.-B., Zhang, Y.-L., Xia, H., Dong, W.-F., Ding, H., & Sun, H.-B. (2013). Fabrication and multifunction integration of microfluidic chips by femtosecond laser direct writing. Lab on a Chip, 13(9), 1677. doi:10.1039/c3lc50160dZucker, R. M., Ortenzio, J. N. R., & Boyes, W. K. (2015). Characterization, detection, and counting of metal nanoparticles using flow cytometry. Cytometry Part A, 89(2), 169-183. doi:10.1002/cyto.a.22793Kowalczyk, B., Lagzi, I., & Grzybowski, B. A. (2011). Nanoseparations: Strategies for size and/or shape-selective purification of nanoparticles. Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science, 16(2), 135-148. doi:10.1016/j.cocis.2011.01.00

Birefringence effects in multi-core fiber: coupled local-mode theory

© 2016 Optical Society of America. One print or electronic copy may be made for personal use only. Systematic reproduction and distribution, duplication of any material in this paper for a fee or for commercial purposes, or modifications of the content of this paper are prohibitedIn this paper, we evaluate experimentally and model theoretically the intra- and inter-core crosstalk between the polarized core modes in single-mode multi-core fiber media including temporal and longitudinal birefringent effects. Specifically, extensive experimental results on a four-core fiber indicate that the temporal fluctuation of fiber birefringence modifies the intra- and inter-core crosstalk behavior in both linear and nonlinear optical power regimes. To gain theoretical insight into the experimental results, we introduce an accurate multi-core fiber model based on local modes and perturbation theory, which is derived from the Maxwell equations including both longitudinal and temporal birefringent effects. Numerical calculations based on the developed theory are found to be in good agreement with the experimental data.This work has been partly funded by Spain National Plan project MINECO/FEDER UE XCORE TEC2015-70858-C2-1-R; HIDRASENSE RTC-2014-2232-3; European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the Galician Regional Government under project GRC2015/018. A. Macho and M. Morant work was supported by BES-2013-062952 F.P.I. Grant and postdoc UPV PAID-10-14 program, respectively.Macho-Ortiz, A.; García Meca, C.; Fraile-Peláez, FJ.; Morant Pérez, M.; Llorente Sáez, R. (2016). Birefringence effects in multi-core fiber: coupled local-mode theory. Optics Express. 24(19):21415-21434. https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.021415S21415214342419Mizuno, T., Takara, H., Sano, A., & Miyamoto, Y. (2016). Dense Space-Division Multiplexed Transmission Systems Using Multi-Core and Multi-Mode Fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(2), 582-592. doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2482901Morant, M., Macho, A., & Llorente, R. (2016). On the Suitability of Multicore Fiber for LTE–Advanced MIMO Optical Fronthaul Systems. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(2), 676-682. doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2507137Hayashi, T., Sasaki, T., Sasaoka, E., Saitoh, K., & Koshiba, M. (2013). Physical interpretation of intercore crosstalk in multicore fiber: effects of macrobend, structure fluctuation, and microbend. Optics Express, 21(5), 5401. doi:10.1364/oe.21.005401Fini, J. M., Zhu, B., Taunay, T. F., Yan, M. F., & Abedin, K. S. (2012). Statistical Models of Multicore Fiber Crosstalk Including Time Delays. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(12), 2003-2010. doi:10.1109/jlt.2012.2188017Luis, R. S., Puttnam, B. J., Cartaxo, A. V. T., Klaus, W., Mendinueta, J. M. D., Awaji, Y., … Sasaki, T. (2016). Time and Modulation Frequency Dependence of Crosstalk in Homogeneous Multi-Core Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(2), 441-447. doi:10.1109/jlt.2015.2474128Hayashi, T., Taru, T., Shimakawa, O., Sasaki, T., & Sasaoka, E. (2012). Characterization of Crosstalk in Ultra-Low-Crosstalk Multi-Core Fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(4), 583-589. doi:10.1109/jlt.2011.2177810Fini, J. M., Zhu, B., Taunay, T. F., & Yan, M. F. (2010). Statistics of crosstalk in bent multicore fibers. Optics Express, 18(14), 15122. doi:10.1364/oe.18.015122Koshiba, M., Saitoh, K., Takenaga, K., & Matsuo, S. (2011). Multi-core fiber design and analysis: coupled-mode theory and coupled-power theory. Optics Express, 19(26), B102. doi:10.1364/oe.19.00b102Hayashi, T., Taru, T., Shimakawa, O., Sasaki, T., & Sasaoka, E. (2011). Design and fabrication of ultra-low crosstalk and low-loss multi-core fiber. Optics Express, 19(17), 16576. doi:10.1364/oe.19.016576Koshiba, M., Saitoh, K., Takenaga, K., & Matsuo, S. (2012). Analytical Expression of Average Power-Coupling Coefficients for Estimating Intercore Crosstalk in Multicore Fibers. IEEE Photonics Journal, 4(5), 1987-1995. doi:10.1109/jphot.2012.2221085Macho, A., Morant, M., & Llorente, R. (2015). Experimental evaluation of nonlinear crosstalk in multi-core fiber. Optics Express, 23(14), 18712. doi:10.1364/oe.23.018712Macho, A., Morant, M., & Llorente, R. (2016). Unified Model of Linear and Nonlinear Crosstalk in Multi-Core Fiber. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 34(13), 3035-3046. doi:10.1109/jlt.2016.2552958Mecozzi, A., Antonelli, C., & Shtaif, M. (2012). Coupled Manakov equations in multimode fibers with strongly coupled groups of modes. Optics Express, 20(21), 23436. doi:10.1364/oe.20.023436Mecozzi, A., Antonelli, C., & Shtaif, M. (2012). Nonlinear propagation in multi-mode fibers in the strong coupling regime. Optics Express, 20(11), 11673. doi:10.1364/oe.20.011673Mumtaz, S., Essiambre, R.-J., & Agrawal, G. P. (2013). Nonlinear Propagation in Multimode and Multicore Fibers: Generalization of the Manakov Equations. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 31(3), 398-406. doi:10.1109/jlt.2012.2231401Palmieri, L., & Galtarossa, A. (2014). Coupling Effects Among Degenerate Modes in Multimode Optical Fibers. IEEE Photonics Journal, 6(6), 1-8. doi:10.1109/jphot.2014.2343998Antonelli, C., Mecozzi, A., & Shtaif, M. (2015). The delay spread in fibers for SDM transmission: dependence on fiber parameters and perturbations. Optics Express, 23(3), 2196. doi:10.1364/oe.23.002196Marcuse, D. (1975). Coupled-Mode Theory for Anisotropic Optical Waveguides. Bell System Technical Journal, 54(6), 985-995. doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1975.tb02878.xWong, D. (1990). Thermal stability of intrinsic stress birefringence in optical fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 8(11), 1757-1761. doi:10.1109/50.60576Gloge, D. (1971). Weakly Guiding Fibers. Applied Optics, 10(10), 2252. doi:10.1364/ao.10.002252Cartaxo, A. V. T., Luis, R. S., Puttnam, B. J., Hayashi, T., Awaji, Y., & Wada, N. (2016). Dispersion Impact on the Crosstalk Amplitude Response of Homogeneous Multi-Core Fibers. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 28(17), 1858-1861. doi:10.1109/lpt.2016.2573925Poole, C. D., & Favin, D. L. (1994). Polarization-mode dispersion measurements based on transmission spectra through a polarizer. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 12(6), 917-929. doi:10.1109/50.296179Karlsson, O., Brentel, J., & Andrekson, P. A. (2000). Long-term measurement of PMD and polarization drift in installed fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 18(7), 941-951. doi:10.1109/50.850739Brodsky, M., Frigo, N. J., Boroditsky, M., & Tur, M. (2006). Polarization Mode Dispersion of Installed Fibers. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 24(12), 4584-4599. doi:10.1109/jlt.2006.88578

All-Silicon On-Chip Optical Nanoantennas as Efficient Interfaces for Plasmonic Devices

[EN] Plasmonic technology promises to unfold new advanced on-chip functionalities with direct applications in photovoltaics, light¿matter interaction, and the miniaturization of optical interconnects at the nanoscale. In this scenario, it is crucial to efficiently drive light to/from plasmonic devices. However, typically used plasmonic wires introduce prohibitive losses, hampering their use for many applications. Recently, plasmonic nanoantennas have been proposed to overcome this drawback, not only providing a notable loss reduction, but also an enhanced on-chip flexibility and reconfigurability. Nevertheless, these devices still perform poorly for long-reach interconnects, owing to their low-directive radiation and low efficiency. Here, we introduce a class of slot-waveguide-based silicon nanoantennas that lift all these limitations and show their feasibility to be connected directly and efficiently to plasmonic devices. To test the performance of these antennae, an on-chip plasmonic-dielectric interconnect is experimentally demonstrated over distances as high as 100 ¿m. In an outstanding manner, our wireless scheme clearly outperforms previous plasmonic approaches in terms of link efficiency and effective gain. This work paves the way for the development of ultrafast on-chip wireless reconfigurable and flexible interconnects and, additionally, opens new avenues in optical manipulation and sensing applications.This work was supported by Project TEC2015-73581-JIN PHUTURE (AEI/FEDER, UE) and Generalitat Valenciana s PROMETEO Grant NANOMET PLUS (PROMETEO II/2014/34).Lechago-Buendia, S.; García Meca, C.; Griol Barres, A.; Kovylina, M.; Bellieres, LC.; Martí Sendra, J. (2019). All-Silicon On-Chip Optical Nanoantennas as Efficient Interfaces for Plasmonic Devices. ACS Photonics. 6(5):1094-1099. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsphotonics.8b01596S109410996

Low-Loss multilayered metamaterial exhibiting a negative index of refraction at visible wavelengths

We experimentally demonstrate a low-loss multilayered metamaterial exhibiting a double-negative refractive index in the visible spectral range. To this end, we exploit a second-order magnetic resonance of the so-called fishnet structure. The low-loss nature of the employed magnetic resonance, together with the effect of the interacting adjacent layers, results in a figure of merit as high as 3.34. A wide spectral range of negative index is achieved, covering the wavelength region between 620 and 806 nm with only two different designs. © 2011 American Physical Society.Financial support by the Spanish MICINN (Contracts No. CSD2008-00066 and No. TEC2008-06871-C02) and by the Valencian government (Contract No. PROMETEO-2010-087) is acknowledged. C.G.-M. acknowledges financial support from Grant FPU of MICINN. W.D. and A.Z. acknowledge financial support from EPSRC (U.K.).García Meca, C.; Hurtado Montañés, J.; Martí Sendra, J.; Martínez Abietar, AJ.; Dickson, W.; Zayats, AV. (2011). Low-Loss multilayered metamaterial exhibiting a negative index of refraction at visible wavelengths. Physical Review Letters. 106(6). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.106.067402S1066Veselago, V. G. (1968). THE ELECTRODYNAMICS OF SUBSTANCES WITH SIMULTANEOUSLY NEGATIVE VALUES OF $\epsilon$ AND μ. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 10(4), 509-514. doi:10.1070/pu1968v010n04abeh003699Shelby, R. A. (2001). Experimental Verification of a Negative Index of Refraction. Science, 292(5514), 77-79. doi:10.1126/science.1058847Pendry, J. B. (2000). Negative Refraction Makes a Perfect Lens. Physical Review Letters, 85(18), 3966-3969. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.85.3966Tsakmakidis, K. L., Boardman, A. D., & Hess, O. (2007). ‘Trapped rainbow’ storage of light in metamaterials. Nature, 450(7168), 397-401. doi:10.1038/nature06285Soukoulis, C. M., Linden, S., & Wegener, M. (2007). PHYSICS: Negative Refractive Index at Optical Wavelengths. Science, 315(5808), 47-49. doi:10.1126/science.1136481Depine, R. A., & Lakhtakia, A. (2004). A new condition to identify isotropic dielectric-magnetic materials displaying negative phase velocity. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 41(4), 315-316. doi:10.1002/mop.20127Dolling, G., Wegener, M., Soukoulis, C. M., & Linden, S. (2006). Negative-index metamaterial at 780 nm wavelength. Optics Letters, 32(1), 53. doi:10.1364/ol.32.000053Chettiar, U. K., Kildishev, A. V., Yuan, H.-K., Cai, W., Xiao, S., Drachev, V. P., & Shalaev, V. M. (2007). Dual-band negative index metamaterial: double negative at 813 nm and single negative at 772 nm. Optics Letters, 32(12), 1671. doi:10.1364/ol.32.001671Xiao, S., Chettiar, U. K., Kildishev, A. V., Drachev, V. P., & Shalaev, V. M. (2009). Yellow-light negative-index metamaterials. Optics Letters, 34(22), 3478. doi:10.1364/ol.34.003478Mary, A., Rodrigo, S. G., Garcia-Vidal, F. J., & Martin-Moreno, L. (2008). Theory of Negative-Refractive-Index Response of Double-Fishnet Structures. Physical Review Letters, 101(10). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.101.103902García-Meca, C., Ortuño, R., Rodríguez-Fortuño, F. J., Martí, J., & Martínez, A. (2009). Negative refractive index metamaterials aided by extraordinary optical transmission. Optics Express, 17(8), 6026. doi:10.1364/oe.17.006026Ortuño, R., García-Meca, C., Rodríguez-Fortuño, F. J., Martí, J., & Martínez, A. (2009). Role of surface plasmon polaritons on optical transmission through double layer metallic hole arrays. Physical Review B, 79(7). doi:10.1103/physrevb.79.075425Zayats, A. V., Smolyaninov, I. I., & Maradudin, A. A. (2005). Nano-optics of surface plasmon polaritons. Physics Reports, 408(3-4), 131-314. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2004.11.001Dickson, W., Wurtz, G. A., Evans, P. R., Pollard, R. J., & Zayats, A. V. (2008). Electronically Controlled Surface Plasmon Dispersion and Optical Transmission through Metallic Hole Arrays Using Liquid Crystal. 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Dynamically tunable transformation thermodynamics

Recently, the introduction of transformation thermodynamics has provided a way to design thermal media that alter the flow of heat according to any spatial deformation, enabling the construction of novel devices such as thermal cloaks or concentrators. However, in its current version, this technique only allows static deformations of space. Here, we develop a space-time theory of transformation thermodynamics that incorporates the possibility of performing time-varying deformations. This extra freedom greatly widens the range of achievable effects, providing an additional degree of control for heat management applications. As an example, we design a reconfigurable thermal cloak that can be opened and closed dynamically, therefore being able to gradually adjust the temperature distribution of a given region.C G-M acknowledges support from Generalitat Valenciana through the VALi+d postdoctoral program (exp APOSTD/2014/044).García Meca, C.; Barceló, C. (2016). Dynamically tunable transformation thermodynamics. Journal of Optics. 18(4):044026-1-044026-5. https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8978/18/4/044026S044026-1044026-5184Guenneau, S., Amra, C., & Veynante, D. (2012). Transformation thermodynamics: cloaking and concentrating heat flux. Optics Express, 20(7), 8207. doi:10.1364/oe.20.008207Schittny, R., Kadic, M., Guenneau, S., & Wegener, M. (2013). Experiments on Transformation Thermodynamics: Molding the Flow of Heat. Physical Review Letters, 110(19). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.110.195901McCall, M. W., Favaro, A., Kinsler, P., & Boardman, A. (2011). A spacetime cloak, or a history editor. Journal of Optics, 13(2), 029501-029501. doi:10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/029501Cummer, S. A., & Thompson, R. T. (2010). Frequency conversion by exploiting time in transformation optics. Journal of Optics, 13(2), 024007. doi:10.1088/2040-8978/13/2/024007García-Meca, C., Carloni, S., Barceló, C., Jannes, G., Sánchez-Dehesa, J., & Martínez, A. (2013). Analogue Transformations in Physics and their Application to Acoustics. Scientific Reports, 3(1). doi:10.1038/srep02009García-Meca, C., Carloni, S., Barceló, C., Jannes, G., Sánchez-Dehesa, J., & Martínez, A. (2014). Space–time transformation acoustics. Wave Motion, 51(5), 785-797. doi:10.1016/j.wavemoti.2014.01.008Kinsler, P., & McCall, M. W. (2014). Transformation devices: Event carpets in space and space-time. Physical Review A, 89(6). doi:10.1103/physreva.89.063818Kinsler, P., & McCall, M. W. (2013). Cloaks, editors, and bubbles: applications of spacetime transformation theory. Annalen der Physik, 526(1-2), 51-62. doi:10.1002/andp.201300164Leonhardt, U., & Philbin, T. G. (2006). General relativity in electrical engineering. New Journal of Physics, 8(10), 247-247. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/8/10/247Guenneau, S., & Puvirajesinghe, T. M. (2013). Fick’s second law transformed: one path to cloaking in mass diffusion. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, 10(83), 20130106. doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0106Guenneau, S., Petiteau, D., Zerrad, M., Amra, C., & Puvirajesinghe, T. (2015). Transformed Fourier and Fick equations for the control of heat and mass diffusion. AIP Advances, 5(5), 053404. doi:10.1063/1.4917492García-Meca, C., Carloni, S., Barceló, C., Jannes, G., Sánchez-Dehesa, J., & Martínez, A. (2014). Analogue transformation acoustics and the compression of spacetime. Photonics and Nanostructures - Fundamentals and Applications, 12(4), 312-318. doi:10.1016/j.photonics.2014.05.001Schittny, R., Kadic, M., Buckmann, T., & Wegener, M. (2014). Invisibility cloaking in a diffusive light scattering medium. Science, 345(6195), 427-429. doi:10.1126/science.1254524Chester, M. (1963). Second Sound in Solids. Physical Review, 131(5), 2013-2015. doi:10.1103/physrev.131.2013Ali, Y. M., & Zhang, L. C. (2005). Relativistic heat conduction. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 48(12), 2397-2406. doi:10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2005.02.003López Molina, J. A., Rivera, M. J., & Berjano, E. (2014). Fourier, hyperbolic and relativistic heat transfer equations: a comparative analytical study. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 470(2172), 20140547. doi:10.1098/rspa.2014.0547Christov, C. I., & Jordan, P. M. (2005). Heat Conduction Paradox Involving Second-Sound Propagation in Moving Media. Physical Review Letters, 94(15). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.94.154301Cho, J., Losego, M. D., Zhang, H. G., Kim, H., Zuo, J., Petrov, I., … Braun, P. V. (2014). Electrochemically tunable thermal conductivity of lithium cobalt oxide. Nature Communications, 5(1). doi:10.1038/ncomms5035Ihlefeld, J. F., Foley, B. M., Scrymgeour, D. A., Michael, J. R., McKenzie, B. B., Medlin, D. L., … Hopkins, P. E. (2015). Room-Temperature Voltage Tunable Phonon Thermal Conductivity via Reconfigurable Interfaces in Ferroelectric Thin Films. Nano Letters, 15(3), 1791-1795. doi:10.1021/nl504505

Characterisation of on-chip wireless interconnects based on silicon nanoantennas via near-field scanning optical microscopy

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in IET Optoelectronics and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at IET Digital Library.[EN] Recently, a novel Photonic-Integrated Circuit (PIC) paradigm based on the use of a new kind of ultra-directive, lowloss, highly efficient and broadband silicon nanoantenna has enabled the first demonstration of an on-chip wireless interconnect, with potential applications in reconfigurable networks and lab-on-a-chip systems. Despite the fact that the far-field properties of these nanoantennas have been widely studied, their near-field behaviour stays unexplored. Here, the authors study this feature through scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM). For this purpose, the authors design and characterise an on-chip twoport wireless link using a tailored SNOM. The conducted near-field measurements will be useful to improve the design of these integrated photonic devices with potential impact on a variety of applications, from biosensing to optical communications.Funding support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness under grants TEC2015-63838-C3-1-R OPTONANOSENS (MINECO/FEDER, UE) and TEC2015-73581-JIN PHUTURE (AEI/FEDER, UE), the EU-funded H2020-FET-HPC EXANEST (No. 671553) and the GeneralitatValenciana's PROMETEO grant NANOMET PLUS (PROMETEO II/2014/34) are acknowledged. E.P.-C. acknowledges support from GeneralitatValenciana under Grant APOSTD/2016/025.Díaz-Fernández, FJ.; Pinilla-Cienfuegos, E.; García Meca, C.; Lechago-Buendia, S.; Griol Barres, A.; Martí Sendra, J. (2019). Characterisation of on-chip wireless interconnects based on silicon nanoantennas via near-field scanning optical microscopy. IET Optoelectronics. 13(2):72-76. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2018.5071S7276132Kirchain, R., & Kimerling, L. (2007). A roadmap for nanophotonics. Nature Photonics, 1(6), 303-305. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2007.84Zhang, Y., Watts, B., Guo, T., Zhang, Z., Xu, C., & Fang, Q. (2016). Optofluidic Device Based Microflow Cytometers for Particle/Cell Detection: A Review. Micromachines, 7(4), 70. doi:10.3390/mi7040070Redding, B., Liew, S. F., Sarma, R., & Cao, H. (2013). Compact spectrometer based on a disordered photonic chip. Nature Photonics, 7(9), 746-751. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2013.190Fan, X., & White, I. M. (2011). Optofluidic microsystems for chemical and biological analysis. Nature Photonics, 5(10), 591-597. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2011.206Condrat, C., Kalla, P., & Blair, S. (2014). Crossing-Aware Channel Routing for Integrated Optics. IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, 33(6), 814-825. doi:10.1109/tcad.2014.2317575Brongersma, M. L. (2008). Engineering optical nanoantennas. Nature Photonics, 2(5), 270-272. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2008.60Bellanca, G., Calò, G., Kaplan, A. E., Bassi, P., & Petruzzelli, V. (2017). Integrated Vivaldi plasmonic antenna for wireless on-chip optical communications. Optics Express, 25(14), 16214. doi:10.1364/oe.25.016214Krasnok, A. E., Miroshnichenko, A. E., Belov, P. A., & Kivshar, Y. S. (2012). All-dielectric optical nanoantennas. Optics Express, 20(18), 20599. doi:10.1364/oe.20.020599Krasnok, A. E., Simovski, C. R., Belov, P. A., & Kivshar, Y. S. (2014). Superdirective dielectric nanoantennas. Nanoscale, 6(13), 7354-7361. doi:10.1039/c4nr01231cGarcía-Meca, C., Lechago, S., Brimont, A., Griol, A., Mas, S., Sánchez, L., … Martí, J. (2017). On-chip wireless silicon photonics: from reconfigurable interconnects to lab-on-chip devices. Light: Science & Applications, 6(9), e17053-e17053. doi:10.1038/lsa.2017.53Kosako, T., Kadoya, Y., & Hofmann, H. F. (2010). Directional control of light by a nano-optical Yagi–Uda antenna. Nature Photonics, 4(5), 312-315. doi:10.1038/nphoton.2010.34Dvořák, P., Édes, Z., Kvapil, M., Šamořil, T., Ligmajer, F., Hrtoň, M., … Šikola, T. (2017). Imaging of near-field interference patterns by aperture-type SNOM – influence of illumination wavelength and polarization state. Optics Express, 25(14), 16560. doi:10.1364/oe.25.016560Bazylewski, P., Ezugwu, S., & Fanchini, G. (2017). A Review of Three-Dimensional Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy (3D-SNOM) and Its Applications in Nanoscale Light Management. Applied Sciences, 7(10), 973. doi:10.3390/app710097